As obvious as it is the people of the country which invents or discovers the vaccine will have a upper hand in the people who gets the vaccine.
As a common man, most of the people think that it will be USA or other developed European country or generally "The white Man's countries". But still many developing Asian countries are in the race as well like China and India.
Note : Iam not a government official or any member of Vaccine reaserch or distribution. Nor an expert in vaccine trials or distribution. Iam just a medical student from India who's just here to share my views.
As per today Researchers around the world are developing
more than 165 vaccines against the coronavirus, and
30 vaccines are in human trials.
The development of a vaccine has to pass many trials and approvals as per this
New York Times Artical these are the different vaccines positions.
The development cycle of a vaccine, from lab to clinic has many steps. These steps are been summarized below
PRECLINICAL TESTING: Scientists give the vaccine to animals such as mice or monkeys to see if it produces an immune response.
PHASE I SAFETY TRIALS: Scientists give the vaccine to a small number of people to test safety and dosage as well as to confirm that it stimulates the immune system.
PHASE II EXPANDED TRIALS: Scientists give the vaccine to hundreds of people split into groups, such as children and the elderly, to see if the vaccine acts differently in them. These trials further test the vaccine’s safety and ability to stimulate the immune system.
PHASE III EFFICACY TRIALS: Scientists give the vaccine to thousands of people and wait to see how many become infected, compared with volunteers who received a placebo. These trials can determine if the vaccine protects against the coronavirus. In June, the F.D.A. said that a coronavirus vaccine would have to protect at least 50% of vaccinated people to be considered effective. In addition, Phase III trials are large enough to reveal evidence of relatively rare side effects that might be missed in earlier studies.
APPROVAL: Regulators in each country review the trial results and decide whether to approve the vaccine or not. During a pandemic, a vaccine may receive emergency use authorization before getting formal approval. Once a vaccine is licensed, researchers continue to monitor people who receive it to make sure it’s safe and effective.
COMBINED PHASES: Another way to accelerate vaccine development is to combine phases. Some coronavirus vaccines are now in Phase I/II trials, for example, in which they are tested for the first time on hundreds of people. (Note that our tracker would count a combined Phase I/II trial as both Phase I and Phase II.)
Some of the vaccines which shows hopefully results are ie. The vaccines in PHASE lll
Moderna develops vaccines based on messenger RNA (mRNA) to produce viral proteins in the body. They have yet to bring one to the market. In partnership with
National Institutes of Health, they found that the vaccine
protects monkeys from the coronavirus. In March, the company
put the first Covid-19 vaccine into human trials, which yielded
promising results, After carrying out a Phase II study they
launched a Phase III trial on July 27. The final trial will enroll 30,000 healthy people at about 89 sites around the United States. The government has bankrolled Moderna’s efforts with nearly $1 billion in support.
The German company BioNTech has entered into collaborations with Pfizer, based in New York, and the Chinese drug maker Fosun Pharma to develop their mRNA vaccine. In July, they posted preliminary results from their Phase I/II trials in the United States and Germany. They found that the volunteers produced antibodies against SARS-CoV-2, as well as immune cells called T cells that respond to the virus. Some volunteers experienced moderate side effects such as sleep disturbances and sore arms. On July 27, they announced the launch of a Phase II/III trial with 30,000 volunteers in the United States and other countries including Argentina, Brazil, and Germany.
The Trump administration awarded a $1.9 billion contract for 100 million doses to be delivered by December and the option to acquire 500 million more doses. Meanwhile, Japan made a deal for 120 million doses. If approved, Pfizer said they expect to manufacture over 1.3 billion doses of their vaccine worldwide by the end of 2021.
A vaccine in development by the British-Swedish company AstraZeneca and the University of Oxford is based on a chimpanzee adenovirus called ChAdOx1. A study on monkeys found that the vaccine provided them protection. In May, the United States awarded the project $1.2 billion in support. Their Phase I/II trial reported that the vaccine was safe, causing no severe side effects. It raised antibodies against the coronavirus as well as other immune defenses. The vaccine is now in Phase II/III trials in England and India, as well as Phase III trials in Brazil and South Africa. The project may deliver emergency vaccines by October. AstraZeneca has said their total manufacturing capacity for the vaccine, if approved, stands at two billion doses. India’s Serum Institute has already produced millions of doses to be used in trials.
The Chinese company
CanSino Biologics developed a vaccine based on an adenovirus called Ad5, in partnership with the Institute of Biology at the country’s
Academy of Military Medical Sciences. In May, they
published promising results from a Phase I safety trial, and in July they
reported that their Phase II trials demonstrated the vaccine produced a strong immune response. In an unprecedented move, the Chinese military
approved the vaccine on June 25 for a year as a “specially needed drug.” CanSino would not say whether vaccination would be mandatory or optional for soldiers. On August 9, the Saudi health ministry
announced that CanSino Biologics would run a Phase III trial in Saudi Arabia. The company is in negotiations with other countries for more trials.
The
Wuhan Institute of Biological Products developed an inactivated virus vaccine, which the state-owned Chinese company
Sinopharm put into clinical trrials. In July, they
launched Phase III trials in the United Arab Emirates. In the same month, the chairman of Sinopharm
told Chinese state media that the vaccine could be ready for public use by the end of the year.
As as per now we can't say which country or union gonna succeed in developing a vaccine first but iam sure the final approval and certification of the efficacy and side effects will be in the hands of WHO.
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